Por Walter Camerano
“República bananera” hace referencia a países considerados corruptos, inestables y dependientes de la exportación de productos de bajo valor añadido. El término se inspira en las bananas, típicas de países centroamericanos como Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala o Panamá. El escritor estadounidense O.Henry lo empleó por primera vez en 1904 para referirse a Honduras y su dependencia económica de las empresas fruteras estadounidenses, como la United Fruit Company. Junto con su competidora, la Standard Fruit, United representaba los intereses de Estados Unidos en América Latina. En línea con su política exterior intervencionista basada en la doctrina Monroe de “América para los americanos”, – la doctrina es muy simple de comprender: si no estás con ellos y sus intereses te envían los Marines para que te hagan cambiar de opinión – Washington orquestó operaciones militares y golpes de Estado en la región para mantener la hegemonía de sus empresas.
Aunque el término suele emplearse como eufemismo de “dictadura”, se le han asociado algunas variantes. Al principio se usaba para acusar a la clase gobernante de estos países de permitir la explotación de la industria agrícola a empresas extranjeras a cambio de sobornos. Con el tiempo, se ha utilizado para marcar a regímenes caracterizados por la desorganización política e institucional, la corrupción generalizada y la tolerancia a la ilegalidad. Por su origen, el término hacía referencia a la mayoría de países de Centroamérica , pero su uso se ha extendido a países de Asia Central y del este de Europa, sobre todo tras la caída de la Unión Soviética.
Un ejemplo de República bananera fue la Guatemala de principios del siglo XX. Desde 1901, el dictador Manuel Estrada Cabrera otorgó concesiones a la United Fruit Company, que controlaba un 40% de los terrenos agrícolas. La empresa conservó su influencia tras el apoyo de Estados Unidos al golpe de estado en Guatemala de 1954 contra el presidente Jacobo Árbenz, que impulsaba una reforma agraria. La United Fruit, también conocida como “el pulpo”, extendió sus tentáculos a otros países latinoamericanos como Cuba, Colombia o la República Dominicana. Para la década de 1930, ya dominaba el 90% del mercado regional de bananas, una fruta por entonces al alcance de muy pocos en países no tropicales. Por estos lados, a unos pocos kilómetros, tuvimos “La Forestal” explotación del quebracho por parte de una empresa Inglesa, donde no sólo tenían su moneda también sus leyes y poder de policía (pero esa es otra buena historia para contarla en otra ocasión).
La corrupción característica de las llamadas repúblicas bananeras, sobre todo en el siglo XX, ha sido retratada por escritores como el colombiano Gabriel García Márquez, que en su novela Cien años de soledad narra la masacre de las bananas de 1928. Durante una huelga de trabajadores de la United Fruit Company que reclamaban mejores condiciones laborales, el Ejército colombiano disparó sobre la gente y mató a miles de manifestantes. A principios del siglo XX también se dieron las “guerras bananeras”, una serie de conflictos militares entre Estados Unidos y países de Centroamérica. – El vencedor de esta llamada Guerra Bananera fue Estados Unidos quien, usando principalmente al Cuerpo de Marines, logró sus objetivos por décadas, de dominar, controlar, negociar y aprovechar los recursos materiales de los países donde se libraron estas acciones abusivas.
Pero más allá de estas tragedias, el deplorable entorno de trabajo de estas compañías y la inacción de los Gobiernos locales sobrellevaron un drama para miles de familias de la región. Muchos de estos países han heredado parte de las estructuras sociales, políticas y económicas corruptas del siglo pasado. La United Fruit Company, sin embargo, renovó su imagen en 1970, mejoró las condiciones laborales de sus trabajadores y contribuyó a una regeneración del mercado de bananas. Con todo, aún se habla de “repúblicas bananeras”, un término considerado por muchos como racista e imperialista.
Con autocrítica nacional y popular y analizando nuestra realidad, a pesar de estar alejados de las plantaciones y del clima caribeño, surgen permanentemente señales como: de imprevisibilidad en las políticas económicas, la inflación endémica al igual que el mal de Chagas, filminas con inexactitudes, la política del vamos viendo, la mediocridad intelectual de los políticos de turno, la pobreza en constante crecimiento, y demás; sumadas todas esas lamentables variables nos hacen sentir que pertenecemos a ese triste club de países.
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